Prinsip Hukum Menurut Jeremy Bentham
Prinsip Hukum Menurut Jeremy Bentham dalam karyanya yang berjudul ‘An Introduction to the Principles Of Morals and Legislation, 2000’ menyatakan bahwa:
“Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand the standard of right and wrong, on the other the chain of causes and eff ects, are fastened to their throne. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think: every eff ort we can make to throw off our subjection, will serve but to demonstrate and confi rm it. In word a man may pretend to abjure their empire: but in reality he will remain. Subject to it all the while. The principle of utility recognizes this subjection, and assumes it for the foundation of that system, the object of which is to rear the fabric of felicity by the hands of reason and of law. Systems which att empt to question it, deal in sounds instead of sense, in caprice instead of reason, in darkness instead of light”.
(Alam telah menempatkan umat manusia di bawah pemerintahan dua penguasa yang berdaulat, rasa sakit dan kesenangan. Dia adalah untuk mereka sendiri untuk menunjukkan apa yang harus kita lakukan, serta untuk menentukan apa yang akan kita lakukan. Di satu sisi standar benar dan salah, di sisi lain rantai sebab dan akibat diikat ke singgasana mereka. Mereka mengatur kita dalam semua yang kita lakukan, dalam semua yang kita katakan, dalam semua yang kita pikirkan: setiap upaya yang dapat kita lakukan membuang ketundukan kita, akan melayani tetapi untuk menunjukkan dan menegaskannya. Dalam kata seorang pria mungkin berpura-pura menyangkal kerajaan mereka: tetapi pada kenyataannya dia akan tetap tinggal. Tunduk pada itu selama ini. Prinsip utilitas mengakui ketundukan ini, dan menganggapnya sebagai fondasi sistem itu, yang objeknya adalah untuk membesarkan jalinan kebahagiaan dengan tangan akal dan hukum. Sistem yang mencoba mempertanyakannya, berurusan dengan suara alih-alih akal, dalam tingkah alih-alih alasan, dalam kegelapan alih-alih cahaya).
BIOGRAFI
Jeremy Bentham adalah seorang filsuf, ahli hukum dan pembaharu sosial Inggris yang dianggap sebagai pendiri utilitarianisme modern yang berasal dari Inggris. Ia lahir antara tanggal 15 Februari 1748 di London, England, Kingdom of Great Britain dan wafat pada tanggal 6 Juni 1832 di London, England, United Kingdom.
HASIL KARYA
1. Defence of usury, 1787
2. Defence of Usury: Showing the Impolicy of the Present Legal Restraints on the Terms of Pecuniary Bargains, to which is Added, A Letter to Adam Smith … on the Discouragement of Inventive Industry, 1787
3. Defence of Usury: Shewing the Impolicy of the Present Legal Restraints on the Terms of Pecuniary Bargains. In a Series of Letters to a Friend. To which is Added, a Letter to Adam Smith, Esq; LL.D. on the Discouragements Opposed by the Above Restraints to the Progress of Inventive Industry. By Jeremy Bentham, …, 1788
4. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789
5. Comprized in the Budget of 7th Dec. 1795 ; to which is Prefixed, (Printed in 1793, and Now First Published,) A Protest Against Law Taxes: Shewing The Peculiar Mischievousness of All Such Impositions as Add to the Expense Of An Appeal to Justice, 1790
6. El Panoptico, 1791
7. Supply without Burthen; or Escheat vice Taxation: being a proposal for saving in taxes by an extension of the law of escheat; including strictures on the taxes on collateral succession … To which is prefixed a protest against law taxes, shewing the mischievousness of all such impositions as add to the expence of an appeal to justice, 1795
8. Theory of Legislation, 1802
9. Traités de législation civile et pénale: précédés de principes généraux de législation.., 1802
10. Lettres à Lord Pelham, renfermant un parallèle du systéme de colonisation pénale, adopté pour la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, et de celui des maisons de repentir érigées dans la métropole, dont l’exécution a été prescrite par deux actes du Parlement, des années 1794 et 1799, 1804
11. A Table of the Springs of Action: Shewing the Several Species of Pleasures and Pains, of which Man’s Nature is Susceptible: Together with the Several Species of Interests, Desires, and Motives, Respectively Corresponding to Them: and the Several Sets of Appellatives, Neutral, Eulogistic and Dyslogistic, by which Each Species of Motive is Wont to be Designated: to which are Added, Explanatory Notes and Observations, 1815
12. Chrestomathia: Being A Collection Of Papers, Explanatory Of The Design Of An Institution, Proposed To Be Set On Foot, Under The Name Of The Chrestomathic Day School, Or Chrestomathic School, For The Extension Of The New System Of Instruction To The, 1816
13. Defence of Economy Against the Right Hom. George Rose, 1817
14. The King Against Sir Charles Wolseley, Baronet, and Joseph Harrison, Schoolmaster: Set Down for Trial, at Chester, on the 4th of April, 1820. Brief Remarks Tending to Shew the Untenability of this Indictment. (The King Against Edmonds and Others … Brief Remarks Tending to Shew the Untenability of this Indictment, Etc.)., 1820
15. On the Liberty of the Press, and Public Discussion, 1821
16. Tratados de legislación civil y penal, 4, 1822
17. The Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1823
18. Traité des preuves judiciaires, 1823
19. Rationale of Judicial Evidence, 1827
20. Rationale of Judicial Evidence: Specially Applied to English Practice, 1827
21. Défense de l’usure: ou Lettres sur les inconvénients des lois, qui fixent le taux de l’intérêt de l’argent, par Jérémie Bentham, tr. de l’anglais sur la 4. éd.; suivi d’un Mémoire sur les prêts d’argent, par Turgot, et précédé d’une introduction contenant une dissertation sur le prêt à intérêt, 1828
22. Oeuvres, 1829
23. Equity Dispatch Court Proposal: Containing a Plan for the Speedy and Unexpensive Termination of the Suits Now Depending in Equity Courts : with the Form of a Petition, and Some Account of a Proposed Bill for that Purpose, 1830
24. To His Fellow Citiziens of France, on Death Punishment, 1831
25. Deontology or, The science of morality, 1834
26. Constitutional Code, 1983
27. A Comment on the Commentaries and A Fragment on Government
28. A View of the Hard-labour Bill; Being an Abstract of a Pamphlet, Intituled Draught of a Bill, to Punish by Imprisonment and Hard-labour, Certain Offen
29. Chrestomathia
30. Codification of the Common Law: Letter of Jeremy Bentham, and Report of Judges Story, Metcalf and Others
31. Defense of usury
32. Deontologie oder die Wissenschaft der Moral
33. Émancipez Vos Colonies !: Emancipate Your Colonies !
34. Grundsätze der Civil- und Criminal-Gesetzgebung: aus den Handschriften des englischen Rechtsgelehrten Jeremias Bentham
35. Supply Without Burthen; Or Escheat Vice Taxation: Being a Proposal For A Saving In Taxes By An Extension of the Law of Escheat: Including Strictures on the Texes On Collateral Succession,
36. The book of fallacies
37. The Classical Utilitarians
38. The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham
39. The correspondence of Jeremy Bentham
40. The Westminster Review, Volume 8
41. The Westminster Review, Volume 9
42. The Westminster Review, Volume 11
43. The Works
44. Tactique des assemblées politiques délibérantes: extraits des manuscrits de Jérémie Bentham
45. Traites des sophismes politiques et des sophismes anarchiques: extraits des manuscrits de Jeremie Bentham
46. Tratados de lejislación [sic] civil y penal
47. Tratado de los sofismas: sacado de los manuscritos de Jeremias Bentham
48. The Westminster Review, Volume 13
49. The Westminster Review, Volume 14
50. “The” Works of Jeremy Bentham: Chrestomathia. 8
51. The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Introd. to the study of Bentham, by J.H. Burton
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